Brain Death and Organ Donation in Islam: Reconciling Medical Science with Ethical Tradition

Abstract

The acceptance of brain death and organ donation within Muslim societies continues to generate significant theological, ethical, and medical discourse. Grounded in both classical Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) and contemporary biomedical standards, this manuscript investigates the evolving definitions of death, particularly the legitimacy of brain death as a medically and theologically valid criterion for end-of-life determination. It further examines the permissibility of organ donation, both living and posthumous, through the lens of maqasid al-shari‘ah (objectives of Islamic law), which prioritize the preservation of life, dignity, and public welfare (maslaha). Drawing on a synthesis of authoritative fatwas, global medical consensus, and community-level educational initiatives, the paper presents a narrative argument for promoting ethically sound, religiously sanctioned organ transplantation. It also underscores the importance of culturally sensitive public engagement and interfaith dialogue to dispel misconceptions and enhance trust in medical systems. Through this lens, brain death and organ donation are positioned not as contradictions to Islamic ethics but as deeply aligned with its higher moral objectives.