INNOVAPATH
type: channel
description: INNOVAPATHTM: Journal of Translational Medicine & Biotechnology is a premier scientific journal of the INNOVACORE Center for Research & Biotechnology and CorePath Laboratories. Our mission is to bridge the gap between scientific discovery and clinical application by publishing cutting-edge research in translational medicine, pathology, biotechnology, precision medicine, clinical research and innovations in healthcare. We aim to accelerate the development of innovative diagnostics, therapeutics, and biomedical technologies by fostering collaboration between researchers, clinicians, and industry leaders.
publisher: INNOVAPATH
language: en
publication name: INNOVAPATH
issn: 3067-8102
copyright: This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, provided appropriate credit is given to the author(s) and the source. To view a copy of this license, visit: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
items: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence Tools on Human Cognitive Abilities: A Comprehensive Review
items: Dow Entrepreneurial Network (DEN): A Presidential Initiative to Catalyze Physician-Led Innovation and Leadership Among Dow Graduates
items: Advancing Glaucoma Care: Comparing Vision Language Models and Ophthalmology Foundation Models
items: NOTCH1-Targeted Endothelialized Patches for Bicuspid Aortic Valve Repair: Precision Strategies to Prevent Early Calcific Degeneration
items: Aligning Allied Health Science Programs With Workforce Demand in the United States and Texas
items: Fairness Begins at the Gate: Why Pakistan’s MDCAT Must Move Beyond Raw Scores
items: Reimagining Health-Professions Education: A Roadmap for the AI University of Health and Medicine
items: Is AI a Bubble That Is About to Burst? A Systematic Review of Financial and Economic Evidence
items: Heat and the Heart: The Unseen Microvascular Pathway to Myocardial Infarction
items: Precision Elastin-Mimetic Electrospun Scaffolds for Aortic Root Reconstruction: Toward Regenerative, In-Situ Tissue Engineering
items: Unveiling a Giant Hydatid Cyst of the Brain: A Neurosurgical Experience with a Rare Zoonotic Infection
items: Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in Pakistan: Misconceptions, Barriers, and Evidence-Based Safety.
items: Universities in Ruins or on the Cusp of Renewal? Dark Academia, Global Data, Liberal Arts, and the Coming AI Shock
items: TGFBR2-Guided Biomaterial Scaffolds for Aortic Root Reconstruction in Loeys-Dietz Syndrome: Toward Precision Aortopathy Repair
items: Funding Brains, Not Bytes: Keeping Seed Grants Focused on Investigators
items: Care for the Caregivers: The Patient and Client First Paradox
items: The Forgotten Electrolyte in Dengue: Hypophosphatemia Matters
items: AI-Augmented Sleep Apnea Screening in Neurology Clinics: Bridging Sleep and Cognitive Health
items: Building Leadership Capacity in Health Sciences: Rationale, Design, and Early Outcomes of the Emerging Leadership Academy at Dow University of Health Sciences
items: Efficacy of Nanoparticle-based Localised Immunomodulation to Reduce Graft-versus-host Disease in Murine Model of Bone Marrow Transplantation: A Systematic Review
items: Expanding Treatment Options: Ceftobiprole Against Multidrug-Resistant Infections
items: Optimizing Heart Failure Care in Pakistan : Lessons From UAE Cardiac Center Models.
items: Male HPV Vaccination in Pakistan: An Overlooked Preventive Strategy
items: Virtual Reality Perimetry versus Conventional Perimetry: Balancing Patient Comfort and Reliability
items: Medical Camps as Catalysts for Health Equity: Reflections from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
items: Circumcision, Acetaminophen, and Autism: Untangling Association from Causation
items: Alternate Pathways to Integrate International Medical Graduates (IMGs) into the U.S. Healthcare Ecosystem: A Policy Analysis of Texas HB 2038 (“the DOCTOR Act”).
items: AI Triage for Stroke Imaging: Promise vs risk of Deskilling Radiology Trainees
items: Reframing the Debate on Abortion Drugs in an Era of Misinformation
items: The Paradox of Ubiquity: Reassessing the Reported Association Between Prenatal Acetaminophen (Tylenol) Exposure and Autism

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence Tools on Human Cognitive Abilities: A Comprehensive Review
type: item
description: Background: The rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) tools into daily cognitive tasks has raised questions about their impact on human cognitive abilities. Objective: This review synthesizes current research on how the use of AI tools affects cognitive domains, including critical thinking, memory, creativity, and decision-making. Methods: We reviewed empirical studies, including randomized controlled trials, field experiments, and neurophysiological investigations, that examined AI's cognitive effects across educational and professional settings. Results: Evidence reveals a complex, non-linear relationship between AI use and cognition. Moderate AI usage shows minimal cognitive impact, while excessive reliance correlates with decreased critical thinking abilities (cognitive offloading effect), reduced metacognitive accuracy, and lower retention on delayed assessments. Field studies with approximately 1,000 students demonstrated improved immediate performance but worse unassisted outcomes following AI removal, particularly with unrestricted AI access. Neurophysiological data showed reduced brain network connectivity during AI-assisted tasks. Age-related differences emerged, with younger users (17-25 years) exhibiting greater dependence and lower critical-thinking scores. However, well-designed AI tutoring systems with scaffolding produced superior learning gains compared with traditional instruction. Discussion: The findings reveal a fundamental paradox: AI assistance frequently improves immediate task performance while simultaneously undermining durable skill acquisition. Three primary mechanisms mediate these effects: reduced cognitive effort through offloading, diminished metacognitive monitoring, and altered practice patterns. Critically, the cognitive impact of AI is not deterministic but depends on implementation design, with scaffolded AI systems that maintain active engagement producing dramatically different outcomes than those providing direct s…
subject: ⁠Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: cognitive abilities
  topic: keywords
subject: critical thinking
  topic: keywords
subject: cognitive offloading
  topic: keywords
subject: educational technology
  topic: keywords
subject: metacognition
  topic: keywords
creator: Sohail Rao
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 7
ending page: 7
doi: 10.63501/hsdq5611

Dow Entrepreneurial Network (DEN): A Presidential Initiative to Catalyze Physician-Led Innovation and Leadership Among Dow Graduates
type: item
description: Background: Physician leadership and entrepreneurship are increasingly recognized as essential for transforming health systems, yet most medical training still prioritizes individual clinical competence over systems thinking, innovation, and venture creation. Diaspora alumni associations represent an underused platform for cultivating these capabilities at scale. Objective: This narrative review describes the design and early implementation of the Dow Entrepreneurial Network (DEN), a 2025 presidential initiative of the Dow Graduates Association of North America (DOGANA). DEN aims to connect Dow alumni and students interested in entrepreneurship and leadership, using a structured series of virtual and in-person events, mentorship, and peer networking. Methods: We synthesized internal planning documents and program descriptions for the DEN activities in 2025 and interpreted them in light of published literature on physician leadership development and entrepreneurship education in medicine. The analysis focuses on program aims, structure, educational strategies, and anticipated benefits for participants and the wider Dow community. Results: DEN is organized around four core objectives: (1) fostering a global network of Dow alumni entrepreneurs; (2) providing a forum for dialogue on innovation, business models, and physician-led ventures; (3) educating students and alumni about entrepreneurial pathways; and (4) exploring programs that create jobs and opportunities for Dowites in North America, Pakistan, and globally. The initial implementation in 2025 includes a three-part virtual webinar series showcasing Dow alumni founders across clinical and non-clinical sectors, and an in-person DEN session at the DOGANA 2025 annual retreat featuring a health-system CEO as the keynote speaker. These activities are explicitly framed as a voluntary, non-commercial alumni platform with clear disclaimers regarding legal and financial liability. Discussion: DEN aligns closely with evide…
subject: ⁠Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
subject: Physician Leadership
  topic: keywords
subject: Alumni Networks
  topic: keywords
subject: Innovation
  topic: keywords
subject: Medical Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Dow Medical College
  topic: keywords
subject: Dow International Medical College
  topic: keywords
subject: DUHS
  topic: keywords
subject: Dow University of Health Sciences
  topic: keywords
subject: Dow Graduates Association of North America
  topic: keywords
subject: DOGANA
  topic: keywords
creator: Aamir Ehsan
creator: Sohail RAO
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-12-17
publication date: 2025-12-17
starting page: 9
ending page: 9
doi: 10.63501/my8ha373

Advancing Glaucoma Care: Comparing Vision Language Models and Ophthalmology Foundation Models
type: item
subject: ⁠Letters to the Editor
  topic: section
subject: Glaucoma
  topic: keywords
subject: Vision Language Models
  topic: keywords
subject: Ophthalmology Foundation Models
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
creator: Erum Habib
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-12-20
publication date: 2025-12-20
starting page: 3
ending page: 3
doi: 10.63501/dbw8bs33

NOTCH1-Targeted Endothelialized Patches for Bicuspid Aortic Valve Repair: Precision Strategies to Prevent Early Calcific Degeneration
type: item
description: This Perspective outlines a precision-engineered roadmap for NOTCH1-targeted endothelialized patches designed for bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) repair, a population uniquely susceptible to early and aggressive calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). It is directed toward translational scientists, device engineers, and regulatory strategists aiming to develop biologically active repair materials that can modulate the earliest molecular triggers of valve calcification. NOTCH1 is a central protective regulator of aortic valve biology, governing mechano-transduction, endothelial homeostasis, and suppression of osteogenic pathways (1–3). Loss or dysregulation of NOTCH1 signaling—whether genetic or due to altered flow patterns inherent to BAV anatomy—drives endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory priming, and osteoblastic transition of valvular interstitial cells (VICs) (2,4). This Perspective synthesizes NOTCH1 biology, summarizes developmental and single-cell transcriptomic insights (1,5), proposes design criteria for patches that restore endothelial NOTCH1 activity, and presents a translational pipeline with mechanical, biochemical, and regulatory milestones. It concludes with an implementation-focused roadmap to accelerate the development of living, mechanosensitive, anti-calcific repair patches for BAV patients.
subject: ⁠Brief Report / Short Communication
  topic: section
creator: Ayesha arif
creator: Amna Arif
creator: Arib Shafiq Chaudhry
creator: Abdul Hannan Asghar
creator: Rimsha Maqsood
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
starting page: 5
ending page: 5
doi: 10.63501/wgecq947

Aligning Allied Health Science Programs With Workforce Demand in the United States and Texas
type: item
description: Allied health professionals constitute the majority of the U.S. health workforce and are essential to addressing population aging, chronic disease, and rapid technological change. Recent projections, however, show uneven patterns of shortage and surplus across professions and geographies. This narrative, policy-oriented review synthesizes national and Texas data to identify allied health programs that are most aligned with workforce demand, with a particular focus on pathology diagnostics (histology, cytogenetics, and molecular diagnostics) and gateway entry roles such as medical assistants and phlebotomists. Using U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) projections, Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) workforce models, Texas workforce reports, vacancy surveys, and professional white papers, we find strong and persistent demand for diagnostic imaging, rehabilitation, respiratory care, clinical laboratory science, and anatomic/molecular pathology support roles, with especially acute shortages in Texas. Within laboratory medicine, histotechnology and clinical genomics, especially cancer cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), emerge as high-need subspecialties where vacancy rates, retirement-driven openings, and the collapse of many formal National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences (NAACLS)-accredited cytogenetics programs combine to create structural workforce gaps. At the same time, rapid advances in the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) are poised to reshape staffing models in these domains, shifting demand away from purely manual, repetitive bench work toward AI-enabled roles that emphasize data interpretation, quality oversight of automated workflows, informatics, and human–machine collaboration. In contrast, pharmacy and selected assistant-level occupations show signals of emerging surplus in some markets. Aligning academic portfolios with these patterns will require expanding and modernizing programs in…
subject: ⁠Review Article
  topic: section
subject: allied health
  topic: keywords
subject: workforce planning
  topic: keywords
subject: cytogenetics
  topic: keywords
subject: molecular diagnostics
  topic: keywords
subject: medical assistants
  topic: keywords
subject: phlebotomists
  topic: keywords
subject: clinical laboratory science
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: AI
  topic: keywords
subject: Texas
  topic: keywords
creator: Aamir Ehsan
creator: Sohail Rao
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-12-02
publication date: 2025-12-02
starting page: 4
ending page: 4
doi: 10.63501/8dr9p742

Fairness Begins at the Gate: Why Pakistan’s MDCAT Must Move Beyond Raw Scores
type: item
description: Background: The Medical and Dental College Admission Test (MDCAT) is the primary gatekeeper for entry into medical and dental education in Pakistan. Recent controversies surrounding MDCAT 2023–2024 paper leaks, skewed score distributions, and the use of raw scores across multiple sessions and years have raised serious concerns about fairness, validity, and public trust. Court judgments and parliamentary debates have further highlighted weaknesses in governance and psychometric practice. Objective: To critically evaluate the current use of raw scores in MDCAT across multiple test forms and years, compare this approach with international best practices in high-stakes testing, and propose a practical roadmap for psychometrically defensible and ethically robust reform. Methods: This narrative review synthesizes evidence from Pakistani legal documents, public notices, and media reports on MDCAT 2022–2024, alongside international standards in educational measurement and technical documentation from major testing agencies (e.g., ETS, NCCAOM, NCBE, AERAs Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing). Results: Findings indicate that: (1) MDCAT scores are currently reported and interpreted as raw percentages, while being declared valid for up to three years across cohorts under Section 17 of the PM&DC Act 2022; (2) multiple court proceedings and independent reviews have noted statistical anomalies, including very weak correlations between MDCAT and board marks, unusually high clusters of near-perfect scores, and credible allegations of paper leaks across sessions; and (3) international high-stakes examinations with multiple forms (e.g., MCAT, LSAT, GRE) rely on equating and scaled scores to ensure comparability, as required by professional standards. Discussion: Using unadjusted raw scores from non-equated forms in a multi-session, multi-year, high-stakes exam is psychometrically indefensible and ethically problematic. It risks hidden advantage, systemic disadvantage, …
subject: ⁠Review Article
  topic: section
subject: MDCAT
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
subject: PM&DC
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan Medical & Dental Admission Test
  topic: keywords
subject: Score Equating
  topic: keywords
subject: Scaling
  topic: keywords
subject: Raw Scores
  topic: keywords
subject: Psychometrics
  topic: keywords
creator: Sohail Rao
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 8
ending page: 8
doi: 10.63501/hg85j716

Reimagining Health-Professions Education: A Roadmap for the AI University of Health and Medicine
type: item
description: Not Applicable
subject: ⁠Commentary / Perspective / Opinion
  topic: section
subject: AI
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Health Sciences
  topic: keywords
subject: University
  topic: keywords
creator: Sohail Rao
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-11-24
publication date: 2025-11-24
starting page: 7
ending page: 7
doi: 10.63501/7dcz6776

Is AI a Bubble That Is About to Burst? A Systematic Review of Financial and Economic Evidence
type: item
description: Background: Extraordinary increases in equity valuations, expenditure, capital intelligence, and public attention have accompanied the rapid expansion of generative AI since 2022. Central banks, international financial institutions, and market analysts increasingly refer to a possible “AI bubble,” raising questions about whether the boom is sustainable or likely to end in a sharp correction. Objective: To systematically review recent evidence and expert assessments on whether current AI-related investments and asset valuations exhibit characteristics of a financial bubble that is likely to burst in the near term. Methods: A systematic search was conducted (January 2023–November 2025) across Google Scholar, SSRN, and websites of major financial institutions and research organizations (e.g., Bank of England, International Monetary Fund, Congressional Research Service, McKinsey Global Institute, Goldman Sachs Research, California Management Review), search terms combined concepts for AI with bubbles, market valuations, and macroeconomic impact. Eligible sources included empirical analyses, official reports, and analytical commentaries that (a) discussed AI in the context of asset valuations or macroeconomic outcomes and (b) provided explicit arguments regarding bubble-like or fundamental characteristics. Data were extracted on (i) valuation or investment metrics, (ii) productivity and growth estimates, and (iii) explicit bubble assessments. A narrative synthesis was performed because of heterogeneity in methods and outcomes. Results: Thirty-five sources met the inclusion criteria, grouped into four categories: (1) financial stability and bubble-risk assessments by central banks and international institutions; (2) macroeconomic modeling and productivity studies; (3) management and strategy reviews of AI and productivity; and (4) market and investment research on AI valuations. Central banks and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) highlight “stretched” valuations and t…
subject: ⁠Commentary / Perspective / Opinion
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: AI
  topic: keywords
subject: Generative AI
  topic: keywords
subject: Financial Bubble
  topic: keywords
subject: Asset Valuation
  topic: keywords
subject: Macroeconomics
  topic: keywords
creator: Sohail Rao
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-11-24
publication date: 2025-11-24
starting page: 10
ending page: 10
doi: 10.63501/yn7rsq32

Heat and the Heart: The Unseen Microvascular Pathway to Myocardial Infarction
type: item
subject: ⁠Letters to the Editor
  topic: section
subject: Extreme heat waves
  topic: keywords
subject: Myocardial Infarction (MI)
  topic: keywords
subject: Heat Stroke
  topic: keywords
subject: Ischemic Heart Disease
  topic: keywords
subject: Microvascular pathways
  topic: keywords
creator: Karan Chaman Lal
creator: Minal Fatima
creator: Syeda Shajia Shahid Gillani
creator: Aiza Siddiqui‎
creator: Mahrosh Iftikhar‎
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-11-23
publication date: 2025-11-23
starting page: 3
ending page: 3
doi: 10.63501/wn85cb71

Precision Elastin-Mimetic Electrospun Scaffolds for Aortic Root Reconstruction: Toward Regenerative, In-Situ Tissue Engineering
type: item
description: Reconstruction of the aortic root demands materials that endure complex cyclic loading while preserving native hemodynamics. Current prosthetic and biologic conduits restore patency but do not recapitulate the elastin-dependent compliance and fatigue resistance intrinsic to the aortic root, contributing to valve dysfunction, progressive dilation, and long-term failure. Elastin-mimetic electrospun scaffolds—combining elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) or elastin-based recombinamers with structural biodegradable polymers such as polycaprolactone (PCL)—offer a rational path toward in-situ regeneration: immediate mechanical support, surface cues for endothelialization, and a degradative timetable that permits host extracellular matrix deposition. Here we synthesize current elastin and vascular tissue engineering literature, define quantitative design targets for aortic-root scaffolds, delineate a preclinical testing pipeline, and map regulatory considerations required for clinical translation. We present two tables that map design levers to mechanical/biologic criteria and preclinical endpoints with recommended assays and sample sizes. This Perspective aims to provide a concise, actionable roadmap for investigators and translational teams pursuing regenerative, elastin-mimetic solutions for aortic root reconstruction.
subject: ⁠Commentary / Perspective / Opinion
  topic: section
creator: Laiba Fatima
creator: Ali Ahmed Khan
creator: Aoun Abbas
creator: Mehr un Nissa
creator: Rubab Darwesh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-11-23
publication date: 2025-11-23
starting page: 4
ending page: 4
doi: 10.63501/h19nry13

Unveiling a Giant Hydatid Cyst of the Brain: A Neurosurgical Experience with a Rare Zoonotic Infection
type: item
description: Cerebral hydatid disease is a rare but important manifestation of Echinococcus granulosus, comprising 0.5%–2% of all hydatid cases. It primarily affects children in endemic regions and often remains asymptomatic until the cyst reaches a considerable size, making early diagnosis challenging. An 11-year-old boy from rural Punjab, Pakistan, presented with progressive headache and head enlargement for four months, without seizures or neurological deficits. MRI revealed a large, well-defined cyst (10.9 × 10.2 × 11.2 cm) in the left parieto-occipital region, producing significant mass effect and moderate hydrocephalus. Serology was negative, and systemic imaging ruled out extracranial involvement. The patient underwent parieto-occipital craniotomy, and the cyst was excised intact using the Dowling-Orlando technique to prevent rupture. Histopathology confirmed hydatid disease. Postoperatively, albendazole (10 mg/kg) was administered for 30 days along with anticonvulsants. Recovery was uneventful, and follow-up imaging showed no recurrence. This case underscores the importance of early recognition, meticulous surgical planning, and postoperative monitoring for successful outcomes in cerebral hydatid disease, particularly in endemic areas.
subject: ⁠Case Report
  topic: section
subject: Cerebral hydatid cyst
  topic: keywords
subject: Echinococcus
  topic: keywords
subject: Endemic
  topic: keywords
subject: Craniotomy
  topic: keywords
creator: Suriya Chandio
creator: Santosh Sah
creator: Areeba Aamir Ali Basaria
creator: Rabeea Tariq
creator: Areeba Ahsan
creator: Ebadullah Safi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-11-23
publication date: 2025-11-23
starting page: 6
ending page: 6
doi: 10.63501/wppcwg64

Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in Pakistan: Misconceptions, Barriers, and Evidence-Based Safety.
type: item
description: The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has proven to be effective in preventing cervical cancer. Recently, the vaccine was launched in Pakistan, but public acceptance remains low. Ignorance, social standards, and mixed cultural-religious barriers, such as fear of infertility, promiscuity, and haram ingredients, fuel misconceptions about the vaccine. Contrary to this, scientific evidence constantly proves its safety and debunks religious and cultural myths. Several measures are to be taken to increase the public’s acceptance of the vaccine, such as conducting culturally appropriate awareness campaigns and engaging community and religious leaders.
subject: ⁠Letters to the Editor
  topic: section
subject: Human Papillomavirus(HPV)
  topic: keywords
subject: Human Papillomavirus Vaccine
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
subject: cultural barriers
  topic: keywords
subject: Vaccine safety
  topic: keywords
subject: Cervical cancer prevention
  topic: keywords
subject: Public health education
  topic: keywords
subject: Vaccine hesitancy
  topic: keywords
creator: Ariba Asif Ariba Asif
creator: Maham Naveed Maham Naveed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-11-22
publication date: 2025-11-22
starting page: 3
ending page: 3
doi: 10.63501/9j1dxc97

Universities in Ruins or on the Cusp of Renewal? Dark Academia, Global Data, Liberal Arts, and the Coming AI Shock
type: item
subject: ⁠Commentary / Perspective / Opinion
  topic: section
subject: Higher Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Universities
  topic: keywords
subject: Liberal Arts
  topic: keywords
subject: Humanities
  topic: keywords
subject: Academic Medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
creator: Sohail Rao
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-11-15
publication date: 2025-11-15
starting page: 7
ending page: 7
doi: 10.63501/s9xyhj53

TGFBR2-Guided Biomaterial Scaffolds for Aortic Root Reconstruction in Loeys-Dietz Syndrome: Toward Precision Aortopathy Repair
type: item
description: Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) is a rare heritable aortopathy characterized by aggressive aneurysm formation and early dissection, frequently involving the aortic root. Mutations in TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 disrupt canonical TGF-β signaling, resulting in medial degeneration, elastin fragmentation, and aberrant matrix remodeling. Despite advances in surgical and endovascular repair, conventional grafts remain biologically inert and fail to address the underlying molecular dysregulation, predisposing patients to progressive downstream dilation and reoperation. Recent biomaterials research has introduced the concept of bioactive scaffolds—engineered vascular grafts capable of modulating local cell behavior and extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis. Emerging data suggest that targeted modulation of TGF-β signaling pathways can restore structural integrity in aneurysm-prone tissue. Incorporating TGFBR2-specific signaling cues within scaffold microarchitecture—via peptide-functionalized polymers or microRNA-loaded nanofibers—offers a precision approach to promote adaptive remodeling and reduce maladaptive fibrosis (1–3). Early in vitro studies using smooth muscle cell (SMC) cultures from TGFBR2-mutant models demonstrate partial normalization of elastogenesis and reduced MMP-2 expression when exposed to receptor-modulating environments (4). Beyond material design, computational modeling and machine learning can optimize scaffold composition, predicting mechanical resilience and cytokine release kinetics under pulsatile flow (5,6). Such integration aligns with the emerging paradigm of intelligent biomaterials—structures that dynamically respond to biomechanical and biochemical feedback, particularly vital in genetically mediated aortic disease. Proposed Translational Framework Preclinical modeling: Evaluate TGFBR2-guided scaffold prototypes in Loeys–Dietz syndrome (LDS) murine or porcine models to assess their ability to stabilize aneurysms, integrate histologically with host tissue,…
subject: ⁠Brief Report / Short Communication
  topic: section
creator: Muhammad Moin Ud Din Arshad
creator: Maryam Ahmad Khan
creator: Sana Tariq
creator: Abaidullah Shaukat
creator: Ezza Ikram
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-11-06
publication date: 2025-11-06
starting page: 6
ending page: 6
doi: 10.63501/q7mww853

Funding Brains, Not Bytes: Keeping Seed Grants Focused on Investigators
type: item
subject: ⁠Commentary / Perspective / Opinion
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence;
  topic: keywords
subject: AI
  topic: keywords
subject: AGI
  topic: keywords
subject: Seed Funding
  topic: keywords
subject: Grant Applications
  topic: keywords
creator: Sohail Rao
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-11-05
publication date: 2025-11-05
starting page: 3
ending page: 3
doi: 10.63501/d7dvmh33

Care for the Caregivers: The Patient and Client First Paradox
type: item
subject: ⁠Commentary / Perspective / Opinion
  topic: section
subject: Employee First
  topic: keywords
subject: Leadership
  topic: keywords
subject: Organizational Culture
  topic: keywords
subject: Client Second
  topic: keywords
subject: Patient Second
  topic: keywords
creator: Sohail RAO
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-11-02
publication date: 2025-11-02
starting page: 3
ending page: 3
doi: 10.63501/qsqpc483

The Forgotten Electrolyte in Dengue: Hypophosphatemia Matters
type: item
subject: ⁠Letters to the Editor
  topic: section
subject: Dengue‎
  topic: keywords
subject: Hypophosphatemia‎
  topic: keywords
subject: Electrolyte imbalance‎
  topic: keywords
subject: Serum phosphate
  topic: keywords
subject: Hemorrhagic fever
  topic: keywords
creator: Karan Chaman Lal
creator: Syeda Zainab‎ Kazmi
creator: Sana Soomro
creator: Ayla Tariq‎
creator: Ayesha Ubaid Ullah‎
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 3
ending page: 3
doi: 10.63501/0f0vsz42

AI-Augmented Sleep Apnea Screening in Neurology Clinics: Bridging Sleep and Cognitive Health
type: item
description: Dear Editor, Sleep apnea is a prevalent yet underdiagnosed disorder with profound neurological implications, including cognitive decline, impaired memory, and increased stroke risk. Despite strong evidence linking sleep-disordered breathing to neurocognitive dysfunction, routine screening remains uncommon in neurology clinics due to reliance on polysomnography and limited interdisciplinary coordination. Artificial intelligence (AI)-based tools offer a translational pathway to bridge this gap by providing accurate, non-invasive, and cost-effective screening integrated into clinical workflows. Recent advances in machine learning and computer vision have enabled automated detection of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) using facial images, wearable devices, and simple physiological inputs. Deep learning models analyzing craniofacial photographs demonstrated high diagnostic performance (AUC up to 0.916 for apnea–hypopnea index ≥5), suggesting clinical utility even without polysomnography (1). Meta-analyses of wearable AI systems report pooled sensitivity and specificity above 85%, outperforming traditional screening questionnaires (2,3). Furthermore, image-based algorithms incorporating facial and clinical features such as body mass index and neck circumference significantly improve accuracy and enable accessible community-level screening (4,5). Integrating AI-driven OSA screening into neurology clinics could transform patient management by facilitating early detection among individuals with stroke, Parkinson’s disease, or mild cognitive impairment—populations where untreated sleep apnea worsens outcomes. These tools also align with global health priorities by offering scalable diagnostic solutions adaptable to low-resource settings. To fully realize this potential, a collaborative translational framework is essential, linking data science innovation with clinical validation and ethical oversight. We call for urgent global action through three measures: Validate AI-based OSA…
subject: ⁠Letters to the Editor
  topic: section
creator: Ayesha arif
creator: Amna Arif
creator: Arib Shafiq Chaudhry
creator: Maryam Ahmad Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-10-24
publication date: 2025-10-24
starting page: 3
ending page: 3
doi: 10.63501/zmvs0c12

Building Leadership Capacity in Health Sciences: Rationale, Design, and Early Outcomes of the Emerging Leadership Academy at Dow University of Health Sciences
type: item
description: Abstract Background: Many universities, particularly medical schools, report persistent gaps in formal leadership training, despite a consensus that leadership development enhances individual performance, team function, and institutional outcomes. Objective: To describe the rationale, design, implementation, and early outcomes of the Emerging Leadership Academy (ELA) at Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS), created to address this unmet training need across faculty, trainees, and administrative leaders. Methods: ELA was implemented as a hybrid, cohort-based program emphasizing servant leadership, core human skills, and applied problem-solving. Program architecture, eligibility criteria, and selection criteria, as well as competency maps, were defined prospectively. The curriculum integrates case-based seminars, simulations, peer-learning circles, and individualized coaching aligned with DUHS priorities. Evaluation utilizes multiple modalities, including application and selection metrics, participation and completion rates, pre– and post–self–assessments mapped to leadership competencies (e.g., self-awareness, communication, teamwork, conflict management, decision-making, and change leadership), and qualitative feedback from mentors and supervisors. A longitudinal tracker follows alumni milestones, including role expansion, project impact, and contribution to institutional initiatives. Results: Launched in September 2023, ELA has run multiple cohorts with sustained demand and capacity-limited enrollment. Participants report high perceived relevance and applicability to clinical, academic, and operational settings. Preliminary analyses indicate gains in leadership self-efficacy, teamwork behaviors, emotional intelligence, and communication clarity, with capstone projects demonstrating practical improvements in service quality, research operations, and learner experience. Early signals indicate a growing pipeline of graduates assuming formal and informal leadership…
subject: ⁠Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Emerging Leadership Academy
  topic: keywords
subject: ELA
  topic: keywords
subject: Leadership Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Servant Leadership
  topic: keywords
subject: DUHS
  topic: keywords
subject: Soft Skills
  topic: keywords
subject: Human Skills
  topic: keywords
creator: Sohail Rao
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-08-16
publication date: 2025-08-16
starting page: 7
ending page: 7
doi: 10.63501/jjhjqh87

Efficacy of Nanoparticle-based Localised Immunomodulation to Reduce Graft-versus-host Disease in Murine Model of Bone Marrow Transplantation: A Systematic Review
type: item
description: Background and Aim Bone marrow transplantation (BMT), 73.8% of all transplants, is a cornerstone therapy for various haematological disorders. It follows a life-threatening complication; acute graft vs host disease (aGVHD) with 30-60% of incidence. Despite being standard, conventional immunosuppressive therapies are frequently associated with toxicity, infections, and 70% of non-responding patient. A novel, highly targeted nanoparticle-based strategy, while being explored in solid organ transplantation, remains under-investigated in BMT. This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy of NP-based strategies to mitigate aGVHD following BMT. Methods A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Science Direct from April 23, 2001, to August 13, 2024 for propensity-matched studies evaluating efficacy of NP-based therapies in murine models to mitigate GVHD severity. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers. Study quality was assessed using SYRCLE tool. Descriptive analysis was performed as meta-analysis was not possible due to heterogeneity in intervention types. Results Of the 66 studies retrieved, 15 pre-clinical animal studies were selected sample size 2-30/group). Overall, risk of bias was moderate. 12/15 studies reported lower clinical GVHD scores (p< 0.001), 14/15 prevented weight loss (p<0.05), 14/15 prolonged survival with (HR 0.2055, p=0.0112). Histopathological assessments showed decreased tissue damage in the liver (10/11), the intestine (12/12), and the skin (7/7) with p<0.05. 14/15 reported lower levels of inflammatory cytokines (p<0.001). Conclusion NPs therapy has a promising efficacy in mitigating GVHD after BMT. Nevertheless, the heterogeneity of interventions makes generalizability still difficult. It underscores the need for future in-depth translational studies.
subject: ⁠Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Bone Marrow Transplantation
  topic: keywords
subject: Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
  topic: keywords
subject: Graft vs Host Disease
  topic: keywords
subject: Nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
creator: Farwa Saleem
creator: Eisha Jabbar
creator: Abdul Hannan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-09-16
publication date: 2025-09-16
starting page: 25
ending page: 25
doi: 10.63501/xyvdbe23

Expanding Treatment Options: Ceftobiprole Against Multidrug-Resistant Infections
type: item
subject: ⁠Letters to the Editor
  topic: section
subject: Ceftobiprole
  topic: keywords
subject: Antimicrobial resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Multidrug-resistant pathogens
  topic: keywords
creator: Arwa Jabeen
creator: Abiha Fatima
creator: Abeera Saleem Mughal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-10-14
publication date: 2025-10-14
starting page: 3
ending page: 3
doi: 10.63501/ntga6364

Optimizing Heart Failure Care in Pakistan : Lessons From UAE Cardiac Center Models.
type: item
description: Heart failure (HF) is a major health concern in Pakistan with high rehospitalization rates and low adherence to guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT). On the other hand, UAE has implemented effective HF care strategies, including the Get With The Guidelines®️ Heart Failure program, pharmacist-led interventions, and multidisciplinary training, which have improved adherence, reduced hospitalizations and improved quality of life. These differences and the UAE's scalable methods are shown by several studies from Pakistani and UAE sources (2000–2024). By standardizing procedures, including pharmacists, treating comorbidities like iron deficiency, and establishing national registries, Pakistan may be able to lower the burden of heart failure, enhance patient outcomes, and save lives.
subject: ⁠Brief Report / Short Communication
  topic: section
subject: Heart Failure
  topic: keywords
subject: Guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT
  topic: keywords
subject: Rehospitilization
  topic: keywords
subject: Get With The Guidelines® – Heart Failure
  topic: keywords
subject: Multidisciplinary care
  topic: keywords
subject: Pharmacist-led interventions
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan healthcare system
  topic: keywords
subject: UAE cardiac centers
  topic: keywords
creator: Gaaitri Lohano
creator: Adnan Memon
creator: Govinda Lohano
creator: Sohana Memon
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-10-14
publication date: 2025-10-14
starting page: 3
ending page: 3
doi: 10.63501/jwwkra70

Male HPV Vaccination in Pakistan: An Overlooked Preventive Strategy
type: item
description: Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination has been introduced in Pakistan to protect girls against cervical cancer. However, the exclusive focus on females overlooks the significant burden of HPV-related diseases in men, including oropharyngeal, anal, and penile cancers, as well as anogenital warts. Discussion: Evidence demonstrates that male HPV vaccination reduces HPV infections, precancerous lesions, and genital warts, while also enhancing herd protection. In contexts where female vaccine uptake is suboptimal, such as Pakistan, gender-neutral vaccination strategies are particularly effective. Operationally, Pakistan’s immunization infrastructure, experience from polio campaigns, and the WHO’s endorsement of single-dose schedules provide feasible pathways for inclusion of boys. Conclusion: Restricting HPV vaccination to girls reinforces misconceptions of HPV as a “women’s disease,” neglects men’s right to protection, and slows progress toward elimination. Expanding HPV vaccination to include boys would accelerate population-level benefits, promote equity, and align Pakistan’s strategy with global best practices.
subject: ⁠Letters to the Editor
  topic: section
subject: HPV vaccination
  topic: keywords
subject: Male Vaccination
  topic: keywords
subject: Cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Health policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Vaccine equality
  topic: keywords
creator: Omaima Ibrahim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-10-14
publication date: 2025-10-14
starting page: 2
ending page: 2
doi: 10.63501/qz7tdf80

Virtual Reality Perimetry versus Conventional Perimetry: Balancing Patient Comfort and Reliability
type: item
subject: ⁠Letters to the Editor
  topic: section
subject: Visual Field Testing
  topic: keywords
subject: Perimetry
  topic: keywords
subject: Glaucoma
  topic: keywords
creator: Erum Habib
creator: Syeda Noor Us Saba
creator: Ariba Asif
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-10-14
publication date: 2025-10-14
starting page: 3
ending page: 3
doi: 10.63501/7p1dd227

Medical Camps as Catalysts for Health Equity: Reflections from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
type: item
description: Mobile medical camps in rural Khyber Pakhtunkhwa address critical gaps in primary care and advance health equity by bringing free consultations, basic laboratory screenings, immunizations and health education directly to underserved villages. Drawing on firsthand volunteering experiences and regional data, this work highlights how camps organized by local NGOs and medical trainees overcome the prohibitive costs and geographic barriers that leave families traveling hours for simple care. A 2024 study in KP reported that primary health needs “were not met” largely because of cost and outreach deficits, while a Karachi survey of student volunteers found that 77 % improved their understanding of community health, 85 % gained confidence in outpatient care and 94 % developed communication and empathy skills, with nearly half influenced toward primary care careers. In flood‑affected Sindh, outreach teams served more than 16 000 attendees—offering check‑ups, essential immunizations and even psychological first aid—partnering with religious leaders and youth mobilizers to amplify prevention messages. When aligned with district health departments, camps not only treat acute illness but also seed longer‑term improvements by training community health workers, strengthening referral paths and informing policymakers about chronic disease burdens such as unmanaged hypertension and diabetes. Furthermore, medical students return with a deepened commitment to rural practice and policy advocacy, reinforcing the health system from within. While short‑term missions alone cannot resolve poverty or infrastructure gaps, ethically designed camps that emphasize capacity‑building, continuity of care and community partnership can spark sustainable change—rekindling trust in health services and catalyzing policy shifts toward equitable access for all.
subject: ⁠Brief Report / Short Communication
  topic: section
subject: mobile Health
  topic: keywords
subject: health equity
  topic: keywords
subject: Community health engagement
  topic: keywords
subject: Medically Underserved
  topic: keywords
subject: primary health care
  topic: keywords
subject: rural health services
  topic: keywords
subject: preventive health
  topic: keywords
subject: empathy
  topic: keywords
subject: health promotion
  topic: keywords
subject: health policy
  topic: keywords
subject: medical volunteers
  topic: keywords
subject: medical camps
  topic: keywords
subject: health literacy
  topic: keywords
creator: Umer Khalil
creator: Muhammad Umer Suleman
creator: Muhammad Mursaleen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-10-05
publication date: 2025-10-05
starting page: 4
ending page: 4
doi: 10.63501/tbtgs639

Circumcision, Acetaminophen, and Autism: Untangling Association from Causation
type: item
subject: ⁠Brief Report / Short Communication
  topic: section
subject: Circumcision
  topic: keywords
subject: Tylenol
  topic: keywords
subject: Acetaminophen
  topic: keywords
subject: Autism Spectrum Disorder
  topic: keywords
creator: Sohail Rao
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-10-11
publication date: 2025-10-11
starting page: 2
ending page: 2
doi: 10.63501/qybjgw22

Alternate Pathways to Integrate International Medical Graduates (IMGs) into the U.S. Healthcare Ecosystem: A Policy Analysis of Texas HB 2038 (“the DOCTOR Act”).
type: item
description: Background: The United States and Texas, in particular, face persistent and worsening physician shortages, disproportionately affecting rural and underserved communities. Texas HB 2038 (“the DOCTOR Act”) establishes alternative licensure pathways intended to streamline the entry of qualified International Medical Graduates (IMGs) into supervised clinical roles, with a focus on service in safety-net and shortage settings. Objective: To distill the policy architecture of HB 2038 into an implementation-ready framework describing eligibility, site requirements, supervision, geographic constraints, and procedural steps for two licensure routes: the Foreign-Licensed “Provisional” license and the “Physician Graduate” limited license. Methods: Descriptive policy analysis of an implementation presentation and its cited resources (professional association briefs, state board guidance, and the bill text). Information was extracted, categorized (by eligibility, sites, supervision, geography, and testing), and synthesized into operational checklists and proposed evaluation metrics. Results: Both pathways require an ECFMG-eligible primary medical qualification (from a WDOMS-listed school with a sponsor note), primary-source verification, and English proficiency as demonstrated by OET-Medicine. The “Provisional” license requires an active foreign license, completed postgraduate training abroad, a Texas employment offer, and completion of the Texas Medical Jurisprudence Exam; practice initially occurs at ACGME-accredited/affiliated sites and, upon renewal, is restricted to rural/MUA/HPSA settings. The “Physician Graduate” limited license requires Texas residency, valid U.S. work authorization/citizenship/permanent residence, a supervising practice agreement, and non-enrollment in a residency program. Practice is limited to clinics in counties with fewer than 100,000 residents and FQHC/FQHC-LAL sites. Conclusions: HB 2038 offers structured, supervised, and shortage-area–oriented on-…
subject: ⁠Review Article
  topic: section
subject: International Medical Graduates (IMGs)
  topic: keywords
subject: Licensure Pathways
  topic: keywords
subject: Physician Workforce
  topic: keywords
subject: Texas HB 2038
  topic: keywords
subject: the DOCTOR Act
  topic: keywords
subject: FQHC
  topic: keywords
subject: FQHC-LAL
  topic: keywords
subject: HPSA
  topic: keywords
subject: MUA
  topic: keywords
subject: OET-Medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: ECFMG
  topic: keywords
creator: Aamie Ehsan
creator: Sohail RAO
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-10-06
publication date: 2025-10-06
starting page: 8
ending page: 8
doi: 10.63501/1n3hte28

AI Triage for Stroke Imaging: Promise vs risk of Deskilling Radiology Trainees
type: item
description: Dear Editor, Artificial intelligence (AI) has entered acute stroke care at remarkable speed. Commercial platforms now detect large-vessel occlusion (LVO) on CT angiography and immediately notify stroke teams. Randomized and real-world data confirm that these tools shorten notification and thrombectomy initiation times, translating into improved functional outcomes for patients (1,2). In spoke-and-hub networks, AI-assisted notification particularly strengthens equity of care by expediting transfers during nights and weekends (2). Alongside these benefits, one underrecognized concern is the potential deskilling of radiology trainees. Overreliance on automated alerts risks diminishing the very competencies that training should cultivate: visual pattern recognition, logical reasoning, and confident communication with clinicians. Survey-based studies suggest that while trainees appreciate AI’s efficiency, many worry about erosion of independent judgment (3). A second challenge is algorithmic variability. Reported sensitivity and specificity for LVO detection range widely—from 85–95% for anterior circulation to lower performance in posterior circulation or artifact-heavy studies (4,5). Such blind spots create a paradox: AI accelerates decisions in straightforward cases but risks missed diagnoses in the difficult ones—the very cases where human expertise is indispensable. The solution is not to resist AI but to integrate it deliberately into radiology education. With thoughtful design, AI can both streamline workflow and strengthen training. We propose three practical steps: 1. AI-enhanced teaching modules: Residency curricula should include structured sessions on AI fundamentals, limitations, and critical appraisal. For instance, case-based teaching where 20% of cases are AI-flagged and 80% require independent interpretation can balance efficiency with skill-building. 2. Dual-read policy during rollout: For the first 12–18 months post-implementation, trainees should inter…
subject: ⁠Letters to the Editor
  topic: section
subject: Stroke imaging
  topic: keywords
subject: Radiology
  topic: keywords
creator: Laiba Fatima
creator: Ali Ahmad Khan
creator: Rubab Darwesh
creator: Mehr un Nissa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-09-29
publication date: 2025-09-29
starting page: 2
ending page: 2
doi: 10.63501/0961v416

Reframing the Debate on Abortion Drugs in an Era of Misinformation
type: item
description: N/A
subject: ⁠Brief Report / Short Communication
  topic: section
subject: Abortion
  topic: keywords
subject: Medical Abortion
  topic: keywords
subject: Mifepristone
  topic: keywords
subject: Misoprostol
  topic: keywords
subject: Mifeprex
  topic: keywords
subject: RU-486
  topic: keywords
subject: Cytotec
  topic: keywords
creator: Sohail Rao
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-09-29
publication date: 2025-09-29
starting page: 4
ending page: 4
doi: 10.63501/a62q4316

The Paradox of Ubiquity: Reassessing the Reported Association Between Prenatal Acetaminophen (Tylenol) Exposure and Autism
type: item
description: Background: Observational studies have reported small positive associations between prenatal acetaminophen (Tylenol) use and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Because acetaminophen is widely used in pregnancy and the indications for its use (e.g., infection, migraine) are themselves associated with neurodevelopmental risk, even tiny imbalances between users and non-users can generate noncausal signals, the paradox of ubiquity. Objective: To review current human studies on prenatal acetaminophen and ASD, explain how, given the high prevalence of exposure confounding by indication, family factors, and exposure misclassification can distort results, and identify designs that best address these issues, especially sibling analyses. Methods: We conducted a rapid, structured meta-analysis of human studies through September 5, 2025. Priority was given to: (1) large population-based cohorts with family-based (sibling) comparisons; (2) biomarker-based exposure assessments (umbilical cord blood, meconium); (3) high-quality evidence syntheses (e.g., Navigation Guide); and (4) professional guidance from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The primary outcome was autism spectrum disorder (ASD); secondary outcomes were attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and intellectual disability (ID). Results: In the nationwide Swedish cohort (n = 2,480,797; 1995–2019), conventional models found marginal risk elevations (e.g., ASD hazard ratio [HR] 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–1.08), but sibling-control analyses were null (ASD HR 0.98, ADHD HR 0.98, ID HR 1.01), and dose–response patterns vanished; absolute risk differences at age 10 were ≤ 0.21%. Biomarker work in selected cohorts reports higher odds of ASD/ADHD across exposure tertiles, but generalizability and residual confounding remain concerns. Multiple studies link maternal fever, especially in the second trimester and with repeated …
subject: ⁠Review Article
  topic: section
subject: Acetaminophen
  topic: keywords
subject: Tylenol
  topic: keywords
subject: Pregnancy
  topic: keywords
subject: Autism Spectrum Disorder
  topic: keywords
subject: ASD
  topic: keywords
subject: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
  topic: keywords
subject: ADHD
  topic: keywords
subject: Intellectual Disability
  topic: keywords
subject: Confounding by Indication
  topic: keywords
creator: Jahan Ara Hasan
creator: Saba Shahid
creator: Sohail Rao
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INNOVAPATH
date: 2025-09-24
publication date: 2025-09-24
starting page: 8
ending page: 8
doi: 10.63501/wkdepf81